Health Services
Self Care

Diabetes

Description
Diabetes is a medical condition in which the cells of the body cannot utilize blood sugar (glucose) properly. Glucose is obtained from digested food and is used by the cells in the body to generate energy. There are two general forms of diabetes: Type I or insulin dependent diabetes ("Juvenile Diabetes") and Type II or non-insulin dependent diabetes (adult-onset diabetes). While both ultimately result in abnormal blood sugar utilization, they differ markedly in their mechanisms.

In order for the cells to use glucose, a hormone called insulin must be present. Produced in the pancreas, insulin makes the cells permeable to glucose. Without it, the glucose cannot enter and be used by the cell.

Individuals with Type I diabetes do not produce sufficient amounts of insulin. Type II diabetics produce a normal amount of insulin, but their cells are resistant to it. Both conditions result in the cells needing glucose and the blood having abnormally high amounts of glucose in circulation. The normal blood glucose level is 60 to 115 milligrams per 100 milliliters of blood. A higher than normal blood glucose level is called hyperglycemia. The complications resulting from hyperglycemia include heart disease, kidney failure, blindness, and gangrene. Prolonged, uncontrolled diabetes may eventually lead to ketoacidosis (diabetic coma). Ketoacidosis is caused by the incomplete burning of fat as a substitute for glucose.

The cause of diabetes is not known, but factors contributing to its development include heredity, obesity, pregnancy, and aging.

Symptoms
Fatigue, weakness, and weight loss often occur in diabetics because the body is unable to use or store glucose. Appetite increases in an attempt to provide the body with more food for energy. Increased urination and excessive thirst may also be present.

Treatment
The goal of treatment of diabetes is to normalize blood glucose levels. This may include medication, modification of the diet, and/or physical activity.

Medication may be prescribed to raise the level of insulin in individuals with production deficiencies or to stimulate glucose uptake in the body. Injectable insulin may be used in individuals with production deficiencies (Type I). Oral medications may be prescribed for those with insulin insensitivities (Type II).

Dietary recommendations for diabetics are similar to non-diabetics (i.e., a balanced, nutritious diet). However, special precautions regarding the amount, and when food is eaten are necessary for those on medications to guard against inordinate fluctuations in the blood glucose level.

Physical activity is often recommended. Exercise can improve cell sensitivity to insulin and glucose uptake, leading to better control of diabetes

More Information/Questions
For more information, Messiah students may call the Health Center at 691-6035.